Organoids

Extracted Attributes

• Size Range

  Less than the width of a hair to 5 millimeters

• Safety Risk

  Cancer risk associated with Yamanaka factor overdose in iPSC-derived models

• Key Components

  Self-renewing and differentiating stem cells in a 3D culture system

• Primary Function

  In vitro modeling of organ structure and biological complexity

• Major Recognition

  Named one of the biggest scientific advancements of 2013 by The Scientist

• Derivation Sources

  Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), or tissue-resident stem cells

Timeline

• Technique for growing organoids begins rapid improvement and development. (Source: Wikipedia)

  2010-01-01

• The Scientist names organoid technology one of the biggest scientific advancements of the year. (Source: Wikipedia)

  2013-12-31

• Clinical trials are ongoing for the transplantation of gut organoids for colitis and salivary gland organoids for dry mouth disease. (Source: Web Search (eurogct.org))

  2023-01-01

• Researchers build a hybrid biocomputer combining laboratory-grown human brain organoids with conventional computing hardware. (Source: Web Search (Wikipedia))

  2023-01-01

Organoid

An organoid is a miniaturised and simplified version of an organ produced in vitro in three dimensions that mimics the key functional, structural, and biological complexity of that organ. It is derived from one or a few cells from a tissue, embryonic stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells, which can self-organize in three-dimensional culture owing to their self-renewal and differentiation capacities. The technique for growing organoids has rapidly improved since the early 2010s, and The Scientist named it one of the biggest scientific advancements of 2013. Scientists and engineers use organoids to study development and disease in the laboratory, for drug discovery and development in industry, personalized diagnostics and medicine, gene and cell therapies, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.

Web Search Results

• Organoid - Wikipedia

  ### Cancer organoids [edit] Cancer organoids are three-dimensional in-vitro cell culture systems that are models for studying tumor biology and how different therapeutic react. Derived from stem cells or primary tissue specimens, these structures self-assemble to replicate the architectural and functional characteristics of their tissue of origin. In contrast to traditional two-dimensional monolayer cultures, which inadequately represent the spatial organization and cellular interactions present in tumors, organoids preserve the tumor microenvironment, genomic profiles, and molecular signatures of primary malignancies. [...] Organoids provide an opportunity to create cellular models of human disease, which can be studied in the laboratory to better understand the causes of disease and identify possible treatments. The power of organoids in this regard was first shown for a genetic form of microcephaly, where patient cells were used to make cerebral organoids, which were smaller and showed abnormalities in early generation of neurons. In another example, the genome editing system called CRISPR was applied to human pluripotent stem cells to introduce targeted mutations in genes relevant to two different kidney diseases, polycystic kidney disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. These CRISPR-modified pluripotent stem cells were subsequently grown into human kidney organoids, which exhibited [...] A cerebral organoid describes artificially grown, in vitro, miniature organs resembling the brain. Cerebral organoids are created by culturing human pluripotent stem cells in a three-dimensional structure using rotational bioreactor and develop over the course of months. The procedure has potential applications in the study of brain development, physiology and function. Cerebral organoids may experience "simple sensations" in response to external stimulation and neuroscientists are among those expressing concern that such organs could develop sentience. They propose that further evolution of the technique needs to be subject to a rigorous oversight procedure. In 2023, researchers have built a hybrid biocomputer that combines laboratory-grown human brain organoids with conventional

• Organoids | Nature Reviews Methods Primers

  Organoids are simple tissue-engineered cell-based in vitro models that recapitulate many aspects of the complex structure and function of the corresponding in vivo tissue. They can be dissected and interrogated for fundamental mechanistic studies on development, regeneration and repair in human tissues, and can also be used in diagnostics, disease modelling, drug discovery and personalized medicine. Organoids are derived from either pluripotent or tissue-resident stem (embryonic or adult) or progenitor or differentiated cells from healthy or diseased tissues, such as tumours. To date, numerous organoid engineering strategies that support organoid culture and growth, proliferation, differentiation and maturation have been reported. This Primer highlights the rationale underlying the

• Organoids: A new window into disease, development and discovery

  By Javier Barbuzano Imagine the possibility of creating individualized, complex collections of cells that bear a resemblance to a patient’s own tissues. That technology—the ability to grow ‘organoids’—is becoming a reality and is finding new uses every day, in part thanks to the work of scientists at the Harvard Stem Cell Institute. Organoids are tiny, self-organized three-dimensional tissue cultures that are derived from stem cells. Such cultures can be crafted to replicate much of the complexity of an organ, or to express selected aspects of it like producing only certain types of cells. [...] Organoids grow from stem cells—cells that can divide indefinitely and produce different types of cells as part of their progeny. Scientists have learned how to create the right environment for the stem cells so they can follow their own genetic instructions to self-organize, forming tiny structures that resemble miniature organs composed of many cell types. Organoids can range in size from less than the width of a hair to five millimeters. There are potentially as many types of organoids as there are different tissues and organs in the body. To date, researchers have been able to produce organoids that resemble the brain, kidney, lung, intestine, stomach, and liver, and many more are on the way. [...] Arlotta’s lab developed protocols that enable the organoids to grow for long periods of time, achieving greater complexity and maturity than before. These organoids contain thousands of cells and multiple brain cell types that interact with each other in complex ways, making them excellent models for studying how neuropsychiatric or neurodevelopmental pathologies affect the ways brain cells talk to each other.

• Organoids: what are they and how do they help regenerative ...

  ## What are organoids? Organoids are groups of cells grown in laboratories that have organised themselves into structures that resemble different organs. The name “organoid” actually means, “organ-like”. In many cases, the cells and cell structures give organoids abilities that are similar to the organ they resemble. For example, brain organoids develop layers of actively signalling nerve cells (neurons) and even distinct ‘brain regions’ that are similar to the distinct regions of the human brain. [...] Organoids are thought to be the first step towards growing tissue and organs for transplant. If lab-grown tissues are to be used for medicine, proving that they closely match (or better yet, exactly match) real organs is essential. As of 2023, clinical trials are ongoing involving transplantation of gut organoids for treatment of colitis and of salivary gland organoids for dry mouth disease. Researchers are currently examining the safety and reliability of transplanting organoid-generated tissue in animals. It will be many years before growing functioning organs as research tools, much less for transplant, becomes a possibility. [...] Organoids can be grown directly from tissue from individual patients. Notably, they can be grown from tumour samples from patients with cancer. This gives clinicians a way to directly compare healthy tissue and cancer tissue from the same organ, in the same individual. These organoids derived from a patient’s own tissue samples can be a tool for personalised medicine. They can be used to test a medicine before administering it to the patient. Scientists are investigating whether organoids can also be made from patients' induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to support this testing. ## What are organoids?

• Organoids: The current status and biomedical applications - PMC

  Organoids can be defined as cells with stem cell potential that are incubated under 3D culture systems to aggregate by adhesion, self‐organize, and differentiate into 3D cell masses with the corresponding organ tissue morphology.27 Organoids have a high degree of similarity to their parental cells that replicate and simulate their unique biological characteristics.28 Additionally, organoids are able to self‐renew and self‐organize, contain various cell types, perform some specific functions, and form spatial structures similar to those of in vivo organs. Therefore, organoids are valuable models for studying the occurrence, development, and progression of diseases. Tumor organoids can be constructed by preoperative biopsy or postoperative tumor resection, which plays an important role in [...] The rapid development of hepatobiliary organoid technology has provided better options for studying cell development, tissue maintenance, and pathogenesis of the hepatobiliary system under physiological or pathological conditions closely resembling natural conditions. Organoids have the following significant advantages. First, organoids are human‐derived and can recapitulate human physiological systems. The second is high efficiency. ASC‐ or PSC‐derived organoids are quick and relatively easy to establish. Third, organoids show stability in all aspects during large‐scale genomic screening or drug screening. The last is individualization. Organoids can be generated from individual tissues or cells, contributing to the realization of precision diagnosis and treatment. These advantages endow [...] In conclusion, organoids are an important tool for assessing the effects and toxicity of drugs, understanding drug metabolism and distribution, predicting drug safety and efficacy, and providing better guidance for drug development and clinical application. The use of organoids in drug research has revolutionized the drug development process. Organoids provide a powerful tool for modeling human physiology and disease, which can improve drug discovery, reduce the failure rate of clinical trials, and accelerate the development of new therapies. ### 4.3. Precision medicine