Standard Model

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Standard Model

The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles. It was developed in stages throughout the latter half of the 20th century, through the work of many scientists worldwide, with the current formulation being finalized in the mid-1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks. Since then, proof of the top quark (1995), the tau neutrino (2000), and the Higgs boson (2012) have added further credence to the Standard Model. In addition, the Standard Model has predicted with great accuracy the various properties of weak neutral currents and the W and Z bosons. Although the Standard Model is believed to be theoretically self-consistent and has demonstrated some success in providing experimental predictions, it leaves some physical phenomena unexplained and so falls short of being a complete theory of fundamental interactions. For example, it does not fully explain why there is more matter than anti-matter, incorporate the full theory of gravitation as described by general relativity, or account for the universe's accelerating expansion as possibly described by dark energy. The model does not contain any viable dark matter particle that possesses all of the required properties deduced from observational cosmology. The Standard Model without modifications also does not incorporate neutrino oscillations and their non-zero masses, but extensions have been proposed that can account for these features. The development of the Standard Model was driven by theoretical and experimental particle physicists alike. The Standard Model is a paradigm of a quantum field theory for theorists, exhibiting a wide range of phenomena, including spontaneous symmetry breaking, anomalies, and non-perturbative behavior. It is used as a basis for building more exotic models that incorporate hypothetical particles, extra dimensions, and elaborate symmetries (such as supersymmetry) to explain experimental results at variance with the Standard Model, such as the existence of dark matter and neutrino oscillations.

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• Standard Model - Wikipedia

  The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles. It was developed in stages throughout the latter half of the 20th century, through the work of many scientists worldwide, with the current formulation being finalized in the mid-1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks. Since then, proof of the top quark (1995), the tau neutrino (2000), and the Higgs boson (2012) have added further credence to the Standard Model. In addition, the Standard Model has predicted with great accuracy the various properties of weak neutral currents and the W and Z bosons. [...] The development of the Standard Model was driven by theoretical and experimental particle physicists alike. The Standard Model is a paradigm of a quantum field theory for theorists, exhibiting a wide range of phenomena, including spontaneous symmetry breaking, anomalies "Anomaly (physics)"), and non-perturbative behavior. It is used as a basis for building more exotic models that incorporate hypothetical particles, extra dimensions, and elaborate symmetries (such as supersymmetry) to explain experimental results at variance with the Standard Model, such as the existence of dark matter and neutrino oscillations. ## Historical background [edit] See also: History of quantum field theory, History of subatomic physics, Timeline of particle discoveries, Julian Schwinger, and John Clive Ward [...] Although the Standard Model is believed to be theoretically self-consistent and has demonstrated some success in providing experimental predictions, it leaves some physical phenomena unexplained and so falls short of being a complete theory of fundamental interactions. For example, it does not fully explain why there is more matter than anti-matter, incorporate the full theory of gravitation as described by general relativity, or account for the universe's accelerating expansion as possibly described by dark energy. The model does not contain any viable dark matter particle that possesses all of the required properties deduced from observational cosmology. The Standard Model without modifications also does not incorporate neutrino oscillations and their non-zero masses, but extensions

• Medium

  The Standard Model: An introduction The Standard Model is the latest accepted physical description of how about 1/2 of the universe works. In particular, it focuses on how the universe works at the closest quarters we know: the quantum, sub-atomic levels. This is distinct from the other half of universal phenomena — what happens at large distances. Those phenomena are described mostly by gravity, and were the subject of Einstein’s famous model of Special Relativity. These two branches of cutting-edge modern physics, developed over the past 100 years, are generally studied separately (for now!). [...] The human understanding of quantum physics has been developing for thousands of years. We have always been intrigued by what could be happening at levels deeper than human perception. From the first hypotheses that the world is made up of “atomic” particles, to our first investigations into electricity and magnetism… all this has led to our current formulation of the Standard Model. In a sentence: The Standard Model is humanity’s most up-to-date attempt to combine (almost) everything we know about how the universe works into one elegant, comprehensive theory. The early-20th century dilemma: atomic nuclei

• Standard Model - Experimental Particle Physics – Syracuse University

  Think about that for a moment. People were proposing that these certain fundamental particles existed, even though they had no way of proving it! It is that very same process that has shaped our current (and ever-changing) view of the universe. This has been guided by a concept known as the The Standard Model of Physics. The Standard Model is a scientific theory that attempts to unify the fundamental structure of matter and forces acting upon it into a small number of basic entities.

• The Standard Model – Home | CERN

  The theories and discoveries of thousands of physicists since the 1930s have resulted in a remarkable insight into the fundamental structure of matter: everything in the universe is found to be made from a few basic building blocks called fundamental particles, governed by four fundamental forces. Our best understanding of how these particles and three of the forces are related to each other is encapsulated in the Standard Model of particle physics. Developed in the early 1970s, it has successfully explained almost all experimental results and precisely predicted a wide variety of phenomena. Over time and through many experiments, the Standard Model has become established as a well-tested physics theory. (Video: CERN). Source: CERN (CDS) Standard Model [...] Search English Français The decay of a B0 meson into a K0 and an electron–positron pair in the LHCb detector, which is used for a sensitive test of lepton universality in the Standard Model # The Standard Model The Standard Model explains how the basic building blocks of matter interact, governed by four fundamental forces. [...] ## So far so good, but… …it is not time for physicists to call it a day just yet. Even though the Standard Model is currently the best description there is of the subatomic world, it does not explain the complete picture. The theory incorporates only three out of the four fundamental forces, omitting gravity. There are also important questions that it does not answer, such as “What is dark matter?”, or “What happened to the antimatter after the big bang?”, “Why are there three generations of quarks and leptons with such a different mass scale?” and more. Last but not least is a particle called the Higgs boson, an essential component of the Standard Model.

• The Standard Model of Particle Physics: A Triumph of Science

  scientific theory of all time. And yet for something so extraordinary, we give it a rubbish name. We call it the Standard Model. I’m David Tong, a theoretical physicist at the University of Cambridge. And in this video, we’re going to build the Standard Model, piece by piece. By the end, I hope you’ll have some intuition for how all of the parts fit together to create the fundamental building blocks of our universe. This is the Standard Model. It describes how everything in the universe is made of 12 different types of matter particles, interacting with 3 forces, all bound together by a rather special particle called the Higgs boson. Before we get going, some caveats. First...I said “three forces”. While there are actually four fundamental [...] ### Description 3664504 views Posted: 16 Jul 2021 The Standard Model of particle physics is the most successful scientific theory of all time. It describes how everything in the universe is made of 12 different types of matter particles, interacting with three forces, all bound together by a rather special particle called the Higgs boson. It’s the pinnacle of 400 years of science and gives the correct answer to hundreds of thousands of experiments. In this explainer, Cambridge University physicist David Tong recreates the model, piece by piece, to provide some intuition for how the fundamental building blocks of our universe fit together. At the end of the video, he also points out what’s missing from the model and what work is left to do in order to complete the Theory of Everything. [...] enough energies to cause a ripple in the Higgs field—a ripple that’s the particle that we call the Higgs boson. So this is the Standard Model: 12 matter particles, interacting with 3 forces and a Higgs field. It’s a beautiful picture, the pinnacle of 400 years of science. But it’s clear that this is not the last word in physics. Since the discovery of the Higgs boson, physicists like me feel that in many ways the Standard Model is too successful. It gives the right answer for pretty much every experiment that we can do. Our current hope is that we will eventually find an experiment that the Standard Model gives the wrong answer to. And there are some hints that this may be happening. Because only then can we get some clues about what lies beyond. One of the open questions about the model

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