Xenotransplantation

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Xenotransplantation

Xenotransplantation (xenos- from the Greek meaning "foreign" or strange), or heterologous transplant, is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs from one species to another. Such cells, tissues or organs are called xenografts or xenotransplants. It is contrasted with allotransplantation (from other individual of same species), syngeneic transplantation or isotransplantation (grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals of the same species), and autotransplantation (from one part of the body to another in the same person). Xenotransplantation is an artificial method of creating an animal-human chimera, that is, a human with a subset of animal cells. In contrast, an individual where each cell contains genetic material from a human and an animal is called a human–animal hybrid. Patient derived xenografts are created by xenotransplantation of human tumor cells into immunocompromised mice, and is a research technique frequently used in pre-clinical oncology research. Human xenotransplantation offers a potential treatment for end-stage organ failure, a significant health problem in parts of the industrialized world. It also raises many novel medical, legal and ethical issues. A continuing concern is that many animals, such as pigs, have a shorter lifespan than humans, meaning that their tissues age at a quicker rate. (Pigs have a maximum life span of about 27 years.) Disease transmission (xenozoonosis) and permanent alteration to the genetic code of animals are also causes for concern. Similarly to objections to animal testing, animal rights activists have also objected to xenotransplantation on ethical grounds. A few temporarily successful cases of xenotransplantation are published. Bioprosthetic artificial heart valves are generally pig or bovine-derived, but the cells are killed by glutaraldehyde treatment before insertion, therefore technically not fulfilling the WHO definition of xenotransplantation of being live cells.

Web Search Results

• Xenotransplantation - Wikipedia

  54. ^ Tisato V, Cozzi E (2012). "Xenotransplantation: An Overview of the Field". Xenotransplantation. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 885. pp. 1–16. doi "Doi (identifier)"):10.1007/978-1-61779-845-0\_1. ISBN "ISBN (identifier)") 978-1-61779-844-3. PMID "PMID (identifier)") 22565986. [...] Xenotransplantation (xenos- from the Greek meaning "foreign" or strange), or heterologous transplant, is the transplantation of living cells "Cell (biology)"), tissues or organs "Organ (anatomy)") from one species to another. Such cells, tissues or organs are called xenografts or xenotransplants. It is contrasted with allotransplantation (from other individual of same species), syngeneic transplantation or isotransplantation (grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals of [...] the same species), and autotransplantation (from one part of the body to another in the same person).[citation needed] Xenotransplantation is an artificial method of creating an animal-human chimera, that is, a human with a subset of animal cells. In contrast, an individual where each cell contains genetic material from a human and an animal is called a human–animal hybrid.

• Xenotransplantation

  Xenotransplantation is any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation or infusion into a human recipient of either (a) live cells, tissues, or organs from a nonhuman animal source, or (b) human body fluids, cells, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live nonhuman animal cells, tissues or organs. The development of xenotransplantation is, in part, driven by the fact that the demand for human organs for clinical transplantation far exceeds the supply. [...] Although the potential benefits are considerable, the use of xenotransplantation raises concerns regarding the potential infection of recipients with both recognized and unrecognized infectious agents and the possible subsequent transmission to their close contacts and into the general human population. Of public health concern is the potential for cross-species infection by retroviruses, which may be latent and lead to disease years after infection. Moreover, new infectious agents may not be [...] ## Related Information Information and Recommendations for Physicians Involved in the Co-Culture of Human Embryos with Non-Human Animal Cells Human Cells or Tissues Intended for Transplant into a Human Recipient that Have Ex-vivo Contact with Live Non-human Animal Cells, Tissues or Organs Letter - ARCHIVED Xenotransplantation Guidances Human Organ and Tissue Transplantation World Health Organization International Xenotransplantation Information Sub-Topic Paragraphs

• Kidney Xenotransplantation Clinical Trials

  Kidney xenotransplantation (pronounced zee-no-trans-plan-TAY-shin) is a procedure of transplantating a genetically-modified pig kidney, also known as a xenokidney, into a human recipient. The demand for donor kidneys far exceeds supply. Over 90,000 people in the U.S. are waiting for a kidney transplant. Kidneys from pigs could be a new source of organs, offering faster access to life-saving transplants. [...] Pig kidneys used for kidney xenotransplantation are genetically modified. This means changing the genes of the pig so the organs can work more safely in a human body. It also lowers the risk of organ rejection. This is done before the pig is born, and the pigs are then raised in highly controlled, clean environments. Genetic modification helps by: [...] Organ rejection: All transplants also come with the risk of the body rejecting the new organ. Transplants from animals have a higher risk because animals have a different genetic code. To lower this risk for xenotransplanted organs, researchers make small changes to the animal’s DNA to better match human genes. Finding the right genetic code to prevent rejection and the long-term impact of these gene edits are important.

• Progress in Xenotransplantation Opens Door to New Supply of ...

  Known as xenotransplantation, the surgery was performed on Saturday, September 25, 2021, at NYU Langone. Robert Montgomery, MD, DPhil, the H. Leon Pachter, MD, Professor of Surgery and chair of the Department of Surgery at NYU Langone and director of the NYU Langone Transplant Institute, led a surgical team during the two-hour operation. The kidney was obtained from a genetically engineered pig hundreds of miles away and transplanted into a deceased donor. The donor was maintained on a [...] xenotransplantation an everyday reality.” [...] “This is a transformative moment in organ transplantation,” Dr. Montgomery says. “The medical and scientific communities have been working toward xenotransplantation to sustain human life for more than 50 years. There have been many hurdles along the way, but our most recent procedure significantly moves these endeavors forward. This research provides new hope for an unlimited supply of organs, a potential game-changer for the field of transplantation and those now dying for want of an organ.”

• Xenotransplantation-associated infectious risk - PubMed Central

  by JA Fishman · 2012 · Cited by 197 — Xenotransplantation carries the potential risk of the transmission of infection with the cells or tissues of the graft. The degree of risk is unknown in the