Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Extracted Attributes

• Pioneers

  Shinya Yamanaka and Kazutoshi Takahashi

• Full Name

  Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

• Major Risk

  Tumorigenesis (Cancer) due to Yamanaka factor overdose

• Nobel Prize

  2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

• Abbreviation

  iPSCs

• Key Property

  Pluripotency (ability to differentiate into any cell type)

• Discovery Date

  2006

• Yamanaka Factors

  Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc

• Discovery Location

  Kyoto University, Japan

• Primary Applications

  Regenerative medicine, disease modeling, drug discovery, and organoid growth

Timeline

• Shinya Yamanaka and Kazutoshi Takahashi first generate iPSCs from mouse somatic cells in Kyoto, Japan. (Source: Wikipedia)

  2006-01-01

• iPSCs are successfully generated from human somatic cells by the Yamanaka group and others. (Source: Wikipedia)

  2007-01-01

• Shinya Yamanaka is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent. (Source: Wikipedia)

  2012-10-08

• Bryan Johnson discusses the use of iPSCs for growing personalized organoids to treat Parkinson's and Alzheimer's in a longevity context. (Source: Document ee8d91a3-7a9e-4ab7-a219-26100b6be97d)

  2024-01-01

Induced pluripotent stem cell

Induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from a somatic cell. The iPSC technology was pioneered by Shinya Yamanaka and Kazutoshi Takahashi in Kyoto, Japan, who together showed in 2006 that the introduction of four specific genes (named c-Myc, Oct4, Sox2 and KLF4), collectively known as Yamanaka factors, encoding transcription factors could convert somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells. Shinya Yamanaka was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize along with Sir John Gurdon "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent." Pluripotent stem cells hold promise in the field of regenerative medicine. Because they can propagate indefinitely, as well as give rise to every other cell type in the body (such as neurons, heart, pancreatic, and liver cells), they represent a single source of cells that could be used to replace those lost to damage or disease. The best-known type of pluripotent stem cell is the embryonic stem cell. However, since the generation of embryonic stem cells involves the destruction (or at least manipulation) of a pre-implantation stage embryo, there has been much controversy surrounding their use. Patient-matched embryonic stem cell lines can now be derived using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Since iPSCs can be derived directly from adult tissues, they not only bypass the need for embryos, but can be made in a patient-matched manner, which means that each individual could have their own pluripotent stem cell line. These unlimited supplies of autologous cells could be used to generate transplants without the risk of immune rejection. While the iPSC technology has not yet advanced to a stage where therapeutic transplants have been deemed safe, iPSCs are readily being used in personalized drug discovery efforts and understanding the patient-specific basis of disease. Yamanaka named iPSCs with a lower case "i" due to the popularity of the iPod and other Apple products. In his Nobel seminar, Yamanaka cited the earlier seminal work of Harold Weintraub on the role of myoblast determination protein 1 (MyoD) in reprogramming cell fate to a muscle lineage as an important precursor to the discovery of iPSCs.

Web Search Results

• Induced pluripotent stem cells | UCLA BSCRC

  Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are created by taking ordinary mature cells from a patient — typically skin or blood — and reprogramming them in the laboratory back to a pluripotent state, meaning they have the potential to differentiate into any of the cell types found in all major tissues in the body. They were first created in 2006 and have since become one of the most important tools in regenerative medicine and disease research. [...] HOW UCLA STEM CELL RESEARCH IS TRANSFORMING MEDICINE EXPLORE OUR IMPACT # Glossary ## Induced pluripotent stem cells iPSCs are adult cells — typically skin or blood — that have been reprogrammed in the lab to behave like stem cellsCells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple types of cells and make an unlimited number of copies of themselves.stem cellsCells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple types of cells and make an unlimited number of copies of themselves., giving them the potential to become any of the cell types found in all major tissues in the body. Because they are made from a patient's own cells, they carry that person's unique genetic code, making them a powerful tool for disease research and personalized medicine Back to glossary index [...] iPSCs are being used to study and develop potential treatments for a wide range of diseases, including macular degeneration and other blinding eye conditions, autism spectrum disorder, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetes and neurological disorders. At UCLA, patients with these and other conditions donate cells to our researchers to enable laboratory modeling of disease.

• What are iPS cells? | For the Public - CiRA

  Research Guidelines #### What are iPS cells? The following answers are based on information available as of January 2021. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a new type of pluripotent stem cells first generated in 2006 in mouse. They represent a potentially important resource for applications in regenerative medicine. In this section, we will look at how iPSCs are made, why they may be important, and how they might one day make contributions in medicine. Q What kind of cells are iPS cells? A [...] Q What kind of cells are iPS cells? A Induced pluripotent stem cells or iPS cells were established by introducing a small number of genes into ordinary human somatic (differentiated) cells. These pluripotent cells can differentiate into any type of cell in the body and proliferate indefinitely in culture. iPS cells were first generated by Professor Shinya Yamanaka’s group at Kyoto University. The process of changing a cell from a differentiated to a pluripotent state is called reprogramming. The method developed by the Yamanaka group has been shown to be highly reproducible, relatively simple, and is considered a major scientific breakthrough. ##### Archieving induced pluripotency doc Q How are iPS cells likely to be utilized? A [...] Q How are iPS cells different from human embryonic stem cells? A Human embryonic stem (ES) cells are established by removing cells from a 6-7 day old embryo and growing them in culture. In contrast, induced pluripotent stem cells can be generated using cells from an adult body, such as skin, which are plentiful and harmless to remove. As this does not require the destruction of an embryo, it avoids many of the ethical issues that surround human ES cells. Furthermore, unlike human ES cells, it is possible to derive patient-specific iPS cells and induce them into differentiated cells of various types, which can then be transplanted back into the patient without risk of immune rejection. Q How did Professor Shinya Yamanaka’s group first generate iPS cells? A

• iPS cells and reprogramming: turn any cell of the body into a stem cell

  In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka made a groundbreaking discovery that would win him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine just six years later: he found a new way to ‘reprogramme’ adult, specialized cells to turn them into stem cells. These laboratory-grown stem cells are pluripotent – they can make any type of cell in the body - and are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells. Only embryonic stem cells are naturally pluripotent. Yamanaka’s discovery means that theoretically any dividing cell of the body can now be turned into a pluripotent stem cell. [...] Cell and Gene Fundamentals Factsheets Reprogramming allows us to turn any cell of the body into a pluripotent stem cell. Its discovery in 2006 surprised many scientists and changed our thinking about how cells work. Reprogramming has opened up exciting possibilities for studying and treating disease. #### What do we know? ▼ Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were thought to be the only source of pluripotent cells until Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka in 2006 showed that skin cells can be reprogrammed into ‘induced’ pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by artificially adding four genes. Researchers have been excited by the opportunities iPSCs offer for studying, treating and potentially curing diseases. iPSCs also avoid several moral issues that accompany the use of ESCs. [...] So how are these iPS cells made? Yamanaka added four genes to skin cells from a mouse. This started a process inside the cells called reprogramming and, within 2 – 3 weeks, the skin cells were converted into induced pluripotent stem cells. Scientists can now also do this with human cells, by adding even fewer than four genes. This short clip introduces the science behind reprogramming. View the full 16-minute film to see the whole story of Shinya Yamanaka's discovery.

• Induced pluripotent stem cells: applications in regenerative ... - PMC

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• Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): molecular mechanisms of ...

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