GLP-1s (Glucagon-like peptide-1s)

Extracted Attributes

• Class of Drugs

  GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (incretin mimetics, GLP-1 analogs)

• Key Example Drug

  Semaglutide

• GLP-1 Hormone Role

  Incretin

• GLP-1 Hormone Type

  30- or 31-amino-acid-long peptide hormone

• Common Side Effects

  Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, constipation

• Mechanism of Action

  Mimics GLP-1 hormone, activates GLP-1 receptor, enhances insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, delays gastric emptying, reduces food intake

• Potential Downsides

  Muscle loss

• GLP-1 Hormone Origin

  Intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells, certain neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract, pancreatic islet α-cells

• Primary Medical Uses

  Type 2 diabetes, long-term weight management, obesity

• Other GLP-1 Receptor Agonists

  Exenatide, Liraglutide, Dulaglutide, Albiglutide, Danuglipron, Orforglipron, Taspoglutide, Mazdutide, Retatrutide, Tirzepatide, Mounjaro, Zepbound

• Semaglutide Developer/Marketer

  Novo Nordisk

• Semaglutide Administration Forms

  Subcutaneous injection, oral

• Semaglutide Brand Names (Diabetes)

  Ozempic, Rybelsus

• Semaglutide Brand Names (Weight Management)

  Wegovy

Timeline

• Semaglutide, a key GLP-1 drug, was approved for medical use in the US. (Source: Wikipedia)

  2017-XX-XX

• Semaglutide was the 48th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with over 13 million prescriptions. (Source: Wikipedia)

  2022-XX-XX

Semaglutide

Semaglutide is an anti-diabetic medication used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and an anti-obesity medication used for long-term weight management. It is a peptide similar to the hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), modified with a side chain. It can be administered by subcutaneous injection or taken orally. It is sold by Novo Nordisk under the brand names Ozempic and Rybelsus for diabetes, and under the brand name Wegovy for weight management and weight loss. Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. The most common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and constipation. It was approved for medical use in the US in 2017. In 2022, it was the 48th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 13 million prescriptions.

Web Search Results

• Glucagon-like peptide-1 - Wikipedia

  Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a 30- or 31-amino-acid-long peptide hormone deriving from tissue-specific posttranslational processing of the proglucagon peptide. It is produced and secreted by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells and certain neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem upon food consumption. The initial product GLP-1 (1–37) is susceptible to amidation and proteolytic cleavage, which gives rise to the two truncated and equipotent biologically active forms, [...] Alongside glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), GLP-1 is an incretin; thus, it has the ability to decrease blood sugar levels in a glucose-dependent manner by enhancing the secretion of insulin. Beside the insulinotropic effects, GLP-1 has been associated with numerous regulatory and protective effects. Unlike GIP, the action of GLP-1 is preserved in patients with type 2 diabetes. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists gained approval as drugs to treat diabetes and obesity starting [...] | GLP-1 receptor agonists | Albiglutide‡ Danuglipron† Dulaglutide Exenatide Liraglutide Lixisenatide Orforglipron† Semaglutide Taspoglutide† | | | | --- | --- | | GLP1 poly-agonist peptides | Mazdutide (GLP-1/GCGR) Retatrutide§ (GLP-1/GIP/GCGR) Tirzepatide (GLP-1/GIP) | |

• Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists - StatPearls - NCBI

  Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists are a class of medications utilized to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. As a class of medications, they are among several pharmacological options for these endocrine diseases. The function of GLP-1 agonists is to lower serum glucose levels and thereby manage metabolism in affected patients. Participating clinicians gain an enhanced understanding of when to prescribe these agonists, consider specific patient populations, and seek [...] GLP-1 agonists (also known as GLP-1 receptor agonists, incretin mimetics, or GLP-1 analogs) represent a class of medications used to treat T2DM and, in some cases, obesity. Examples of drugs in this class include Exenatide, Liraglutide, Dulaglutide, and Semaglutide. According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), metformin remains the preferred first-line therapy for treating T2DM. However, the addition of a GLP-1 analog should be considered in patients with a contraindication or [...] Bjerre Knudsen L, Madsen LW, Andersen S, Almholt K, de Boer AS, Drucker DJ, Gotfredsen C, Egerod FL, Hegelund AC, Jacobsen H, Jacobsen SD, Moses AC, Mølck AM, Nielsen HS, Nowak J, Solberg H, Thi TD, Zdravkovic M, Moerch U. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists activate rodent thyroid C-cells causing calcitonin release and C-cell proliferation. Endocrinology. 2010 Apr;151(4):1473-86. \[PubMed: 20203154\] 39.

• Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: mechanisms and advances in ...

  GLP-1 is a peptide hormone generated through the enzymatic breakdown of proglucagon. It is synthesized in L-cells located in the intestinal mucosa, α-cells found in the pancreatic islet, and neurons residing in the nucleus of the solitary tract.29.") GLP-1, an endocrine hormone, is secreted by enteroendocrine L-cells located in the distal jejunum, ileum, and colon in response to nutrient ingestion and neuroendocrine stimulation. It originates from the preproglucagon precursor, which undergoes [...] diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases.5 12, 721135 (2021)."),6."),7.") GLP-1 is a peptide produced by the cleavage of proglucagon, mainly synthesized in the intestinal mucosal L-cells, pancreatic islet α-cells, and neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract.3."),4.") GLP-1RAs mimic the action of endogenous GLP-1, activating GLP-1R, thereby enhancing insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon release, delaying gastric emptying, and reducing food intake through central [...] 11, 178 (2020)."),48. 15, 740 (2022).") By emulating the biological activity of natural GLP-1, GLP-1RAs effectively fulfill the role of GLP-1, effectively lowering blood glucose levels without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia and demonstrating favorable safety profiles.49.") GLP-1RAs represent a pharmacotherapeutic category of injectable hypoglycemic agents that are sanctioned as adjunctive therapies to diet and exercise for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adult patients

• Study identifies benefits, risks linked to popular weight-loss drugs

  Formally, these drugs are known as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and include Mounjaro and Zepbound. Informally, media, patients and even some physicians have dubbed GLP-1 medications as “miracle drugs” because of the profound weight loss among users. While these health benefits are well established, information is sparse on the drugs’ effects across the body’s organ systems.

• GLP-1 diabetes and weight-loss drug side effects - Harvard Health

  What are GLP-1 drugs and how do they work? ------------------------------------------ GLP-1 drugs, also called GLP-1 agonists, are shortened names for glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. GLP-1 receptor agonists mimic the GLP-1 hormone that is naturally released in the gastrointestinal tract in response to eating.