Brexit

Extracted Attributes

• Impact on UK Law

  EU law and Court of Justice of the European Union no longer have primacy over British laws (except in select areas for Northern Ireland), though UK remains bound by international treaties.

• Immigration Impact

  Likely large decline in immigration from European Economic Area (EEA) countries to the UK.

• Trade Agreement Name

  EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement

• Official Withdrawal Date

  2020-01-31

• Economic Impact Consensus

  Generally negative, likely to harm UK's economy and reduce real per capita income, reduced investment, reduced employment, reduced international trade.

• Transition Period Duration

  11 months

• UK EU Membership Start Date

  1973-01-01

• EU Membership Referendum Date

  2016-06-23

• Official Withdrawal Time (GMT)

  23:00

• Higher Education and Research Impact

  Poses challenges for British higher education and academic research.

• Referendum Result (Leave Vote Share)

  51.9%

• Estimated Financial Settlement (Brexit Bill)

  Up to £32.8 billion

Timeline

• The United Kingdom joins the European Communities (EC), a predecessor of the European Union. (Source: Summary)

  1973-01-01

• A referendum on continued EC membership is held by Harold Wilson's Labour government; 67.2% of voters choose to remain. (Source: Summary)

  1975

• Following the general election, Prime Minister David Cameron, under pressure from Eurosceptics, promises a referendum on British membership of the EU. (Source: Wikipedia)

  2015

• A referendum on continued EU membership is held in the UK; 51.9% of the electorate votes to leave the EU. (Source: Summary)

  2016-06-23

• David Cameron resigns as Prime Minister following the referendum result. (Source: Wikipedia)

  2016-06-24

• Prime Minister Theresa May triggers Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, formally beginning the UK's withdrawal process from the EU. (Source: web_search_results)

  2017-03-29

• The United Kingdom officially withdraws from the European Union (Brexit Day) at 23:00 GMT. (Source: Summary)

  2020-01-31

• The EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement is signed, outlining future relations and trade between the UK and the EU. (Source: Summary)

  2020-12-30

• The EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement provisionally applies, and the eleven-month transition period ends. (Source: Wikipedia)

  2021-01-01

• The EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement formally comes into force. (Source: Wikipedia)

  2021-05-01

Brexit

Brexit (; a portmanteau of "Britain" and "Exit") was the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU). Brexit officially took place at 23:00 GMT on 31 January 2020 (00:00 1 February 2020 CET). The UK, which joined the EU's precursors the European Communities (EC) on 1 January 1973, is the only member state to have withdrawn from the EU, although the territories of Algeria (formerly part of France) left in 1976 and Greenland (part of the Kingdom of Denmark) previously left the EC in 1985. Following Brexit, EU law and the Court of Justice of the European Union no longer have primacy over British laws but the UK remains legally bound by obligations in the various treaties it has with other countries around the world, including many with EU member states and indeed with the EU itself. The European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 retains relevant EU law as domestic law, which the UK can amend or repeal. The EU and its institutions developed gradually after their establishment. Throughout the period of British membership, Eurosceptic groups had existed in the UK, opposing aspects of the EU and its predecessors. The Labour prime minister Harold Wilson's pro-EC government held a referendum on continued EC membership in 1975, in which 67.2 per cent of those voting chose to stay within the bloc. Despite growing political opposition by a minority of UK politicians to further European integration aimed at "ever closer union" between 1975 and 2016, notably from factions of the Conservative Party in the 1980s to 2000s, no further referendums on the issue were held. By the mid 2010s, the growing popularity of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), as well as pressure from Eurosceptics in his own party, persuaded the Conservative prime minister David Cameron to promise a referendum on British membership of the EU if his government were re-elected. Following the 2015 general election, which produced a small but unexpected majority for the governing Conservative Party, the promised referendum on continued EU membership was held on 23 June 2016. Notable supporters of the Remain campaign included Cameron, the future prime ministers Theresa May, Liz Truss, and Keir Starmer, and the ex–prime ministers John Major, Tony Blair, and Gordon Brown; notable supporters of the Leave campaign included the future prime ministers Boris Johnson and Rishi Sunak. The electorate marginally voted to leave the EU with a 51.9% share of the vote, with all regions of England and Wales except London voting in favour of Brexit, and Scotland and Northern Ireland voting against. The result led to Cameron's sudden resignation, his replacement by Theresa May, and four years of negotiations with the EU on the terms of departure and on future relations, completed under a Boris Johnson government, with government control remaining with the Conservative Party during this period. The negotiation process was both politically challenging and deeply divisive within the UK, leading to two snap elections in 2017 and 2019. One proposed deal was overwhelmingly rejected by the British parliament, causing great uncertainty and leading to postponement of the withdrawal date to avoid a no-deal Brexit. The UK left the EU on 31 January 2020 after a withdrawal deal was passed by Parliament, but continued to participate in many EU institutions (including the single market and customs union) during an eleven-month transition period during which it was hoped that details of the post-Brexit relationship could be agreed and implemented. Trade deal negotiations continued within days of the scheduled end of the transition period, and the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement was signed on 30 December 2020. The effects of Brexit in the UK are in part determined by the cooperation agreement, which provisionally applied from 1 January 2021, until it formally came into force on 1 May 2021.

Web Search Results

• Brexit Meaning and Impact: The Truth About the U.K. Leaving the EU

  Brexit is a portmanteau of the words “British” and “exit” that was coined to refer to the United Kingdom’s decision in a June 23, 2016, referendum to leave the European Union (EU). Brexit took place at 11 p.m. Greenwich Mean Time on Jan. 31, 2020. [...] The Brexit bill was the financial settlement that the U.K. owed Brussels following its withdrawal. The Withdrawal Agreement didn’t mention a specific figure, but it was estimated to be up to £32.8 billion, according to Downing Street. The total sum included the financial contribution that the U.K. would make during the transition period because it was an EU member state and owed a contribution toward the EU’s outstanding 2020 budget commitments. [...] The process of leaving the EU formally began on March 29, 2017, when May triggered Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty. The U.K. initially had two years from that date to negotiate a new relationship with the EU.

• What is Brexit? - La Moncloa

  This withdrawal process of the United Kingdom commenced following the referendum held on 23 June 2016 and the subsequent notification to the European Council on 29 March 2017. Although the UK's withdrawal from the European Union took place on 1 February 2020, the Withdrawal Agreement came into force thenceforth, which regulated the orderly withdrawal of the UK from the EU while maintaining the application of the acquis communaitaire in their relations until 31 December 2020. [...] Go to home. La Moncloa Go to home. La Moncloa Go to the search Switch to dark mode Botón menú fijo # What is Brexit? Brexit is an abbreviation of two English words: 'Britain' and 'exit' and refers to the withdrawal process of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU). [...] Article 50 of the Treaty of the European Union regulates the withdrawal process of any Member State. According to this rule, any Member State of the EU may decide to withdraw pursuant to its constitutional law. After notifying this decision, the EU will negotiate with this State as to the method of its withdrawal and its future relations with the EU.

• Economic effects of Brexit - Wikipedia

  The economic effects of Brexit were a major area of debate during and after the referendum on UK membership of the European Union. The majority of economists believe that Brexit has harmed the UK's economy and reduced its real per capita income in the long term, and the referendum itself damaged the economy. It is likely to produce a large decline in immigration from countries in the European Economic Area (EEA) to the UK, and poses challenges for British higher education and academic research. [...] economists estimated that uncertainty around Brexit reduced investment by businesses by approximately 6 percentage points and caused an employment reduction by 1.5 percentage points. A number of studies found that Brexit-induced uncertainty about the UK's future trade policy reduced British international trade from June 2016 onwards. A 2019 analysis found that British firms substantially increased offshoring to the European Union after the Brexit referendum, whereas European firms reduced new [...] There was overwhelming or near-unanimous agreement among economists that leaving the European Union would adversely affect the British economy in the medium- and long-term. Surveys of economists in 2016 showed overwhelming agreement that Brexit would likely reduce the UK's real per-capita income level. Surveys in 2017 and 2019 of existing academic research found that the credible estimates ranged between GDP losses of 1.2–4.5% for the UK, and a cost of between 1 and 10% of the UK's income per

• Five key impacts of Brexit five years on - BBC

  Brexit was hugely divisive, both politically and socially, dominating political debate and with arguments about its impacts raging for years. Five years on from the day Britain formally left the EU, BBC Verify has examined five important ways Brexit has affected Britain. ## 1) Trade Economists and analysts generally assess the impact of leaving the EU single market and customs union on 1 Jan 2021 on the UK's goods trade as having been negative. [...] All other EU legislation was kept, though ministers reserved powers to change them in future. And the UK has changed some EU laws. For example, it banned the export of live animals from Great Britain for slaughter and fattening and changed EU laws on gene editing crops. Brexit has also given the UK more freedom in certain areas of tax law. EU member states are prohibited from charging VAT on education under an EU directive. Leaving the EU enabled Labour to impose VAT on private school fees. [...] Freedom of movement ended with Brexit, also affecting tourists and business travellers. British passport holders can no longer use "EU/EEA/CH" lanes at EU border crossing points. People can still visit the EU as a tourist for 90 days in any 180 day period without requiring a visa, provided they have at least three months remaining on their passports at the time of their return. EU citizens can stay in the UK for up to six months without needing a visa.

• Brexit - The Guardian

  ## Brexit ## July 2025 George Monbiot ### Want to import toxic chemicals into Britain with scant scrutiny? Labour says: go right ahead Ben Bradshaw with then Conservative MP Sarah Wollaston campaigning against Brexit in 2019. ### UK does not need to hold inquiry into Russian disinformation, ECHR rules John Crace ### The politics sketch The deplorable and the adorable: Merz gives top bantz after blasting Brexit

• Instance Of

  Q4167410

Brexit (/ˈbrɛksɪt, ˈbrɛɡzɪt/; a portmanteau of "British exit") was the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) at 23:00 GMT on 31 January 2020 (00:00 1 February 2020 CET). The UK is the only sovereign country to have left the EU or the EC. The UK had been a member state of the EU or its predecessor the European Communities (EC), sometimes of both at the same time, since 1 January 1973. Following Brexit, EU law and the Court of Justice of the European Union no longer have primacy over British laws, except in select areas in relation to Northern Ireland. The European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 retains relevant EU law as domestic law, which the UK can now amend or repeal. Under the terms of the Brexit withdrawal agreement, Northern Ireland continues to participate in the European Single Market in relation to goods, and to be a de facto member of the EU Customs Union. The EU and its institutions have developed gradually since their establishment and during the 47 years of British membership, and grew to be of significant economic and political importance to the United Kingdom. Throughout the period of British membership, Eurosceptic groups had existed, opposing aspects of the EU and its predecessors. Labour prime minister Harold Wilson's pro-EC government held a referendum on continued EC membership in 1975, in which 67.2 per cent of those voting chose to stay within the bloc, but no further referendums were held during the subsequent process of European integration, aimed at "ever closer union", embodied in the Treaties of Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice and Lisbon. As part of a campaign pledge to win votes from Eurosceptics, Conservative prime minister David Cameron promised to hold a referendum if his government was re-elected. His government subsequently held a referendum on continued EU membership in 2016, in which voters chose to leave the EU with 51.9 per cent of the vote share. This led to his resignation, his replacement by Theresa May, and four years of negotiations with the EU on the terms of departure and on future relations, completed under a Boris Johnson government, with government control remaining with the Conservative Party in this period. The negotiation process was both politically challenging and deeply divisive within the UK, leading to two snap elections. One deal was rejected by the British parliament, causing great uncertainty and leading to postponement of the withdrawal date to avoid a no-deal Brexit. The UK left the EU on 31 January 2020 after a withdrawal deal was passed by Parliament but continued to participate in many EU institutions (including the single market and customs union) during an eleven month transition period in order to ensure frictionless trade until all details of the post-Brexit relationship were agreed and implemented. Trade deal negotiations continued within days of the scheduled end of the transition period and the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement was signed on 30 December 2020. The effects of Brexit will in part be determined by the cooperation agreement, which provisionally applied from 1 January 2021, and formally came into force on 1 May 2021. The broad consensus among economists is that it is likely to harm the UK's economy and reduce its real per capita income in the long term, and that the referendum itself damaged the economy. It is likely to produce a large decline in immigration from countries in the European Economic Area (EEA) to the UK, and poses challenges for British higher education and academic research.