Caffeine

Extracted Attributes

• Type

  Central nervous system (CNS) stimulant

• Class

  Methylxanthine

• Effects

  Wakefulness promoting (eugeroic), physical performance-enhancing (ergogenic), cognitive-enhancing (nootropic), improves reaction time, concentration, motor coordination

• Medical Uses

  Treats and prevents bronchopulmonary dysplasia of prematurity and apnea of prematurity

• Lethality Risk

  Pure powdered caffeine can be lethal in tablespoon-sized amounts

• Chemical Nature

  Bitter, white crystalline purine, methylxanthine alkaloid

• Natural Sources

  Coffee beans, tea leaves, kola nuts, cacao pods, guarana berries, yerba mate

• Chemical Formula

  C8H10N4O2

• Regulatory Status

  Largely unregulated, legal in most parts of the world, socially acceptable

• FDA Classification

  Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS)

• Toxic Dose (adult)

  Over 10 grams per day

• Negative Side Effects

  Sleep disruption, anxiety, mild drug dependence (withdrawal symptoms: sleepiness, headache, irritability), jitteriness, stomach issues, heart palpitations, increased blood pressure, irritability, muscle twitches/tremors, agitation, tachycardia, gastrointestinal irritation

• WHO Essential Medicine

  Caffeine citrate

• Potential Protective Effect

  Against Parkinson's disease

• Primary Mechanism of Action

  Blocks adenosine receptors (A1, A2a, A2b, A3)

• Recommended Safe Daily Intake (non-pregnant adults)

  Up to 400 mg per day (approx. 5.7 mg/kg of body mass)

• Recommended Safe Daily Intake (pregnant/lactating women)

  Up to 200 mg per day

Timeline

• Nearly 10 million tonnes of coffee beans, a primary source of caffeine, were consumed globally. (Source: Wikipedia)

  2020

Caffeine

Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is the most commonly consumed psychoactive substance globally. It is mainly used for its eugeroic (wakefulness promoting), ergogenic (physical performance-enhancing), or nootropic (cognitive-enhancing) properties; it is also used recreationally or in social settings. Caffeine acts by blocking the binding of adenosine at a number of adenosine receptor types, inhibiting the centrally depressant effects of adenosine and enhancing the release of acetylcholine. Caffeine has a three-dimensional structure similar to that of adenosine, which allows it to bind and block its receptors. Caffeine also increases cyclic AMP levels through nonselective inhibition of phosphodiesterase, increases calcium release from intracellular stores, and antagonizes GABA receptors, although these mechanisms typically occur at concentrations beyond usual human consumption. Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline purine, a methylxanthine alkaloid, and is chemically related to the adenine and guanine bases of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). It is found in the seeds, fruits, nuts, or leaves of a number of plants native to Africa, East Asia, and South America and helps to protect them against herbivores and from competition by preventing the germination of nearby seeds, as well as encouraging consumption by select animals such as honey bees. The most common sources of caffeine for human consumption are the tea leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant and the coffee bean, the seed of the Coffea plant. Some people drink beverages containing caffeine to relieve or prevent drowsiness and to improve cognitive performance. To make these drinks, caffeine is extracted by steeping the plant product in water, a process called infusion. Caffeine-containing drinks, such as tea, coffee, and cola, are consumed globally in high volumes. In 2020, almost 10 million tonnes of coffee beans were consumed globally. Caffeine is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug. Unlike most other psychoactive substances, caffeine remains largely unregulated and legal in nearly all parts of the world. Caffeine is also an outlier as its use is seen as socially acceptable in most cultures and is encouraged in some. Caffeine has both positive and negative health effects. It can treat and prevent the premature infant breathing disorders bronchopulmonary dysplasia of prematurity and apnea of prematurity. Caffeine citrate is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It may confer a modest protective effect against some diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Caffeine can acutely improve reaction time and accuracy for cognitive tasks. Some people experience sleep disruption or anxiety if they consume caffeine, but others show little disturbance. Evidence of a risk during pregnancy is equivocal; some authorities recommend that pregnant women limit caffeine to the equivalent of two cups of coffee per day or less. Caffeine can produce a mild form of drug dependence – associated with withdrawal symptoms such as sleepiness, headache, and irritability – when an individual stops using caffeine after repeated daily intake. Tolerance to the autonomic effects of increased blood pressure, heart rate, and urine output, develops with chronic use (i.e., these symptoms become less pronounced or do not occur following consistent use). Caffeine is classified by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as generally recognized as safe. Toxic doses, over 10 grams per day for an adult, greatly exceed the typical dose of under 500 milligrams per day. The European Food Safety Authority reported that up to 400 mg of caffeine per day (around 5.7 mg/kg of body mass per day) does not raise safety concerns for non-pregnant adults, while intakes up to 200 mg per day for pregnant and lactating women do not raise safety concerns for the fetus or the breast-fed infants. A cup of coffee contains 80–175 mg of caffeine, depending on what "bean" (seed) is used, how it is roasted, and how it is prepared (e.g., drip, percolation, or espresso). Thus roughly 50–100 ordinary cups of coffee would be required to reach the toxic dose. However, pure powdered caffeine, which is available as a dietary supplement, can be lethal in tablespoon-sized amounts.

Web Search Results

• Caffeine - Wikipedia

  Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline purine, a methylxanthine alkaloid, and is chemically related to the adenine and guanine bases of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). It is found in the seeds, fruits, nuts, or leaves of a number of plants native to Africa, East Asia, and South America and helps to protect them against herbivores and from competition by preventing the germination of nearby seeds, as well as encouraging consumption by select animals such as honey bees. [...] Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is the most commonly consumed psychoactive substance globally. It is mainly used for its eugeroic (wakefulness promoting), ergogenic (physical performance-enhancing), or nootropic (cognitive-enhancing) properties; it is also used recreationally or in social settings. Caffeine acts by blocking the binding of adenosine at a number of adenosine receptor types, inhibiting the centrally depressant effects of [...] Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that may reduce fatigue "Fatigue (medical)") and drowsiness. At normal doses, caffeine has variable effects on learning and memory, but it generally improves reaction time, wakefulness, concentration, and motor coordination. The amount of caffeine needed to produce these effects varies from person to person, depending on body size and degree of tolerance. The desired effects arise approximately one hour after consumption, and the desired effects of

• Caffeine - MedlinePlus

  ## Summary ### What is caffeine? Caffeine is a bitter substance that occurs naturally in more than 60 plants including: Coffee beans Tea leaves Kola nuts, which are used to flavor soft drink colas Cacao pods, which are used to make chocolate products

• Caffeine as a Factor Influencing the Functioning of the Human Body ...

  Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylcanthine or 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione), a well-known purine alkaloid, was described by Gennaro \[8\] as a white, odorless powder with a slightly bitter taste. Its chemical formula is C8H10N4O2. Caffeine occurs in more than 60 plant species globally \[9\]. This substance is produced by extraction from green coffee beans, tea leaves, and cola nuts, and also by synthetic procedures (e.g., methylation of various xanthines and theophylline) \[8\]. The [...] Caffeine is one of the most popular and widely consumed beverages in the world. Its main source is coffee, however, it may also be present in other plants such as tea leaves, guarana berries, and cacao beans. It is worth pointing out that caffeine may also be found in energy drinks, soft drinks, gums, and medications \[1,2\]. Chawla et al. \[3\] stated that average caffeine consumption from all sources reaches 76 mg/person/day; in the United States and Canada, it is approximately 210–238 [...] Caffeine has multiple targets in the brain such as adenosine, ryanodine, γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isoenzymes. Its action on A2ARs may explain the psychomotor stimulant effect, mediated by dopaminergic mechanisms. Caffeine, through antagonism of ARs, affects brain functions such as sleep, cognition, learning, and memory, and modifies brain dysfunctions and diseases: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, epilepsy,

• Caffeine: What It Is, Benefits and Side Effects

  Caffeine is a type of drug called a stimulant, meaning it increases chemicals in your brain called neurotransmitters. This excites or motivates your central nervous system, the processing center that regulates everything your body does. A little bit of caffeine can help you feel more alert, awake and focused. But too much of it can cause side effects, from jitteriness and stomach issues to heart palpitations and beyond. Caffeine occurs naturally in certain plants: [...] Alertness. Caffeine helps you feel more awake by blocking the effects of adenosine, a neurotransmitter that makes you feel tired. Even in people with partial sleep deprivation, 300 mg of caffeine has been found to significantly improve daytime alertness. Mood. It’s not in your head: That latte really does perk you up. Blocking adenosine can cause an increase in dopamine and norepinephrine activity, two neurotransmitters that are associated with better mood. [...] Even though you may not think of your cozy daily cuppa as anything sinister, caffeine is still a drug. Consuming as little as 300 mg of caffeine (or roughly four cups of coffee) can increase your risk of unpleasant side effects like: Anxiety Digestive issues, like upset stomach or diarrhea Dizziness Heart palpitations Heartburn An increase in blood pressure Irritability and agitation Jitteriness Nausea Trouble sleeping

• Caffeine - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

  Caffeine is obtainable from various sources, including coffee beans, cacao beans, kola nuts, tea leaves, yerba mate, and the guarana berry. In addition, caffeine is commonly found as an additive in sodas and energy drinks or consumed in powder or tablet form.(#article-18756.r7) Absorption may be slightly delayed when taken with food. The stimulant can be administered via the parenteral route, which is a standard method when treating apnea of prematurity in newborns or post-dural puncture [...] ## Mechanism of Action Caffeine's primary mechanism of action involves its effects on adenosine receptors in the brain. Being both fat- and water-soluble component, caffeine easily crosses the blood-brain barrier and antagonizes all 4 adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2a, A2b, and A3). The antagonism of the A2a receptor is particularly responsible for caffeine's wakefulness effects.(#article-18756.r17)(#article-18756.r18) [...] Mild Adverse Effects Mild adverse effects of caffeine include anxiety, restlessness, fidgeting, insomnia, facial flushing, increased urination, irritability, muscle twitches or tremors, agitation, tachycardia or irregular heart rate, and gastrointestinal irritation. Severe Adverse Effects

• Image

  

• Instance Of

  Q341

Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class. It is used as a cognitive enhancer, increasing alertness and attentional performance. Caffeine acts by blocking binding of adenosine to the adenosine A1 receptor, which enhances release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Caffeine has a three-dimensional structure similar to that of adenosine, which allows it to bind and block its receptors. Caffeine also increases cyclic AMP levels through nonselective inhibition of phosphodiesterase. Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline purine, a methylxanthine alkaloid, and is chemically related to the adenine and guanine bases of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). It is found in the seeds, fruits, nuts, or leaves of a number of plants native to Africa, East Asia and South America, and helps to protect them against herbivores and from competition by preventing the germination of nearby seeds, as well as encouraging consumption by select animals such as honey bees. The best-known source of caffeine is the coffee bean, the seed of the Coffea plant. People may drink beverages containing caffeine to relieve or prevent drowsiness and to improve cognitive performance. To make these drinks, caffeine is extracted by steeping the plant product in water, a process called infusion. Caffeine-containing drinks, such as coffee, tea, and cola, are consumed globally in high volumes. In 2020, almost 10 million tonnes of coffee beans were consumed globally. Caffeine is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug. Unlike most other psychoactive substances, caffeine remains largely unregulated and legal in nearly all parts of the world. Caffeine is also an outlier as its use is seen as socially acceptable in most cultures and even encouraged in others. Caffeine has both positive and negative health effects. It can treat and prevent the premature infant breathing disorders bronchopulmonary dysplasia of prematurity and apnea of prematurity. Caffeine citrate is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It may confer a modest protective effect against some diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Some people experience sleep disruption or anxiety if they consume caffeine, but others show little disturbance. Evidence of a risk during pregnancy is equivocal; some authorities recommend that pregnant women limit caffeine to the equivalent of two cups of coffee per day or less. Caffeine can produce a mild form of drug dependence – associated with withdrawal symptoms such as sleepiness, headache, and irritability – when an individual stops using caffeine after repeated daily intake. Tolerance to the autonomic effects of increased blood pressure and heart rate, and increased urine output, develops with chronic use (i.e., these symptoms become less pronounced or do not occur following consistent use). Caffeine is classified by the US Food and Drug Administration as generally recognized as safe. Toxic doses, over 10 grams per day for an adult, are much higher than the typical dose of under 500 milligrams per day. The European Food Safety Authority reported that up to 400 mg of caffeine per day (around 5.7 mg/kg of body mass per day) does not raise safety concerns for non-pregnant adults, while intakes up to 200 mg per day for pregnant and lactating women do not raise safety concerns for the fetus or the breast-fed infants. A cup of coffee contains 80–175 mg of caffeine, depending on what "bean" (seed) is used, how it is roasted (darker roasts have less caffeine), and how it is prepared (e.g., drip, percolation, or espresso). Thus it requires roughly 50–100 ordinary cups of coffee to reach the toxic dose. However, pure powdered caffeine, which is available as a dietary supplement, can be lethal in tablespoon-sized amounts.