Territorial Concessions

Extracted Attributes

• Impact

  Significantly undermines the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the affected nations.

• Definition

  The surrender of land or territory by a state, usually under pressure or coercion from a more powerful entity.

• Legal Context

  Treaties procured by an unlawful threat or use of force, leading to territorial concessions, may be invalidated under Article 52 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT).

• Historical Significance

  Prominent during Western imperialism, particularly in China during the 19th century, involving the ceding of strategic ports, trade routes, and vital areas through unequal treaties.

Timeline

• The First Opium War occurs, leading to notable territorial concessions in China. (Source: web_search_results)

  1839-1842

• The Treaty of Nanking is signed, ceding Hong Kong to Britain as a significant territorial concession. (Source: web_search_results)

  1842-08-29

• The British concession of Tianjin is established. (Source: web_search_results)

  1860

• The British concession of Hankou is established. (Source: web_search_results)

  1861

• The Qing Empire obtains concessions in Korea at Incheon, Busan, and Wonsan. (Source: web_search_results)

  1882-1884

• Japanese forces occupy the Chinese concessions in Korea (Incheon, Busan, Wonsan) after the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War. (Source: web_search_results)

  1894

• The New Territories of Hong Kong are leased to the United Kingdom, and Weihaiwei is leased to the UK. Kiautschou Bay is leased to Germany. (Source: web_search_results)

  1898

• The Italian Concession of Amoy (Xiamen) is established. (Source: web_search_results)

  1902

• Japan obtains the Kwantung Leased Territory/South Manchuria Railway Zone from Russia. (Source: web_search_results)

  1905

• Japan acquires Kiautschou Bay from Germany. (Source: web_search_results)

  1914

• Kiautschou Bay is ceded back to China. (Source: web_search_results)

  1922

• The British concession of Hankou ends. (Source: web_search_results)

  1927

• Weihaiwei is ceded back to China, though Liugong Island remains under British control as a separate territory until 1940. (Source: web_search_results)

  1930

• Liugong Island ceases to be under British control. (Source: web_search_results)

  1940

• The Italian Concession of Amoy ends. (Source: web_search_results)

  1943

• The British concession of Tianjin ends. The Kwantung Leased Territory/South Manchuria Railway Zone ends. (Source: web_search_results)

  1945

• The lease for the New Territories, Hong Kong, ends, and the territory is returned to China. (Source: web_search_results)

  1997-07-01

• Territorial Concessions are discussed as a core pillar of Donald Trump's proposed Comprehensive Peace Deal for the Russia-Ukraine war. (Source: Document 4874fca1-99d6-45cc-9997-886425bb19bc)

  2023-XX-XX

Jai Singh of Mewar

Maharana Jai Singh (5 December 1653 – 23 September 1698), was the Maharana of Mewar Kingdom, ruling from 1680 to 1698. He was the eldest son of Maharana Raj Singh I. Jai Singh fought a series of battles against Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. He commissioned Dhebar lake also known as Jaisamand in the year 1685.

Web Search Results

• Territorial Concessions - (History of Modern China) - Fiveable

  Territorial concessions refer to the surrender of land or territory by a state, usually under pressure or coercion from a more powerful entity. In the context of Western imperialism, these concessions often involved the ceding of strategic ports, trade routes, and other vital areas, which significantly undermined the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the affected nations, particularly China during the 19th century. [...] How did territorial concessions impact China's sovereignty during the era of Western imperialism? Territorial concessions severely impacted China's sovereignty by forcing it to cede important lands and rights to foreign powers. These concessions often occurred through unequal treaties that China was compelled to accept after military defeats. As a result, China lost control over key areas such as treaty ports and became increasingly vulnerable to foreign influence and exploitation. [...] 1. The most notable territorial concessions in China came after the First Opium War (1839-1842), particularly with the Treaty of Nanking, which ceded Hong Kong to Britain. 2. Territorial concessions often included the establishment of foreign-controlled treaty ports, where Western powers could operate without Chinese interference.

• Territorial Concessions to the Aggressor - Verfassungsblog

  As a consequence, a peace treaty with territorial concessions is fully compatible with the peremptory prohibition of force (and that of annexation). A finding of _jus cogens_ invalidity could only be sustained on the basis of a broader interpretation of “conflict”. Several proposals for such a broader interpretation have been made (e.g. by Cannizzaro, Orakhelashvili). Under these proposals, any treaty that impairs the operation, purpose, or effectiveness of a peremptory norm should be [...] None of this is to say that territorial concessions to Russia are politically wise or desirable. The argument can well be made that territorial gains would only encourage the aggressor to resort to an unlawful use of force again. A peace treaty with such an effect would do a disservice to regional stability and international law at large. This seems particularly pertinent in the case of Russia, which has continuously expanded its territorial control in a series of wars with its neighbours [...] The decisive rule for determining the (in-)validity of territorial concessions to an aggressor therefore is Art. 52 VCLT. This rule invalidates treaties procured by an unlawful threat or use of force. Emphasising the _unlawful_ use of force seems to suggest the following distinction: Concessions to the aggressor state (who uses force unlawfully) entail the invalidity of the treaty, whereas a treaty benefitting the victim state is not procured by unlawful force (the victim presumably using force

• Foreign concessions in China - Wikipedia

  | France | Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan French concession of Hankou Kunming–Haiphong railway French concession of Shamian Island Shanghai French Concession French concession of Tianjin "Foreign concessions in Tianjin") | | Germany | German concession of Hankou Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory German concession of Tianjin | | Italy | Italian concession of Amoy Italian concession of Shanghai Italian concession of Tianjin | [...] | United Kingdom | New Territories,[citation needed] Hong Kong | Hong Kong | 1898 | 1997 | | | Weihaiwei leased territory[citation needed] | Weihai | 1898 | 1930 | Liugong Island remained under British control as a separate territory until 1940 | | Liugong Island | Weihai | 1930 | 1940 | Formerly part of Weihaiwei leased territory since 1898 | | British concession of Tianjin | Tianjin | 1860 | 1945 | | | British concession of Hankou | Hankou | 1861 | 1927 | | [...] | Italian Concession of Amoy | Xiamen | 1902 | 1943 | | | Japan | Kwantung Leased Territory/South Manchuria Railway Zone | Dalian | 1905 | 1945 | Obtained from Russia. | | Kiautschou Bay leased territory in Shandong Peninsula | Qingdao | 1914 | 1922 | Acquisition from Germany was acknowledged by China in 1915, concession was held until 1922, ceded to China in Washington Naval Treaty. |

• Historical Ownership and Territorial Disputes | The Journal of Politics

  3.China enjoys the sovereignty of and the right to use the territory but makes economic or political compensations to the neighboring country. Both countries reach an agreement on the terms of the compensation[, which will be monitored by international organizations (e.g., the UN, the International Court of Justice)/no monitoring mentioned]. 4.China enjoys the sovereignty of and the right to use the territory and does not make any concessions to the neighboring country. [...] We note two overall patterns. First, regardless of historical ownership, of the five alternatives provided, the outcome that received the highest support (over 85%) was the most uncompromising one, in which China has both the sovereignty of and the right to use the territory. The least supported outcome was China sharing both the sovereignty and the right to use with the neighboring country. The other three alternatives, involving limited sharing or side payments, received similar levels of [...] | | (.0824) | (.0842) | (.0960) | (.0872) | (.0873) | (.0857) | | Defense top issue | .369 | .116 | −.283 | −.0899 | −.287 | .484 | | | (.107) | (.110) | (.123) | (.110) | (.114) | (.111) | | Constant | −1.231 | −1.013 | .739 | 2.649 | −.557 | −1.582 | | | (.508) | (.529) | (.580) | (.527) | (.535) | (.531) | | Observations | 1,749 | 1,777 | 1,896 | 1,718 | 1,810 | 1,681 | | Pseudo-_R_ 2 | .0386 | .0341 | .112 | .0843 | .125 | .0651 |

• Concessions and leases in international relations - Wikipedia

  Between 1882 and 1884, the Qing Empire obtained concessions in Korea at Incheon, Busan and Wonsan. The Chinese concession of Incheon and those in Busan and Wonsan were occupied by Japan in 1894 after the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War. After China's defeat in that war, Korea (now with Japanese support) declared the unequal treaties with Qing China to be void, and unilaterally withdrew the extraterritoriality and other powers granted to China in respect of the concessions. The [...] Foreign concessions in China ---------------------------- [edit] Main article: Foreign concessions in China Concessions in Tianjin Chinese Eastern Railway Zone Guangzhouwan Kiautschou Bay Weihaiwei under British rule Russian Dalian Kwantung Leased Territory Shanghai French Concession Shanghai International Settlement British Concession (Shanghai) "British Concession (Shanghai)") American Concession (Shanghai) "American Concession (Shanghai)") [...] ### Sources [edit] WorldStatesmen—also by concession holderArchived 2013-08-19 at the Wayback Machine—or by country for non-colonial territories Retrieved from " Categories: Foreign relations of the Qing dynasty Colonialism Concession territories Constitutional state types Dependent territories Imperialism