Two-tier policing

Extracted Attributes

Law enforcement in the United Kingdom

Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is organised separately in each of the legal systems of the United Kingdom: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Most law enforcement duties are carried out by police constables of a territorial police force. There are 48 police forces in the UK. These consist of 39 territorial police forces in England, four in Wales, one in Scotland and one in Northern Ireland. Each is responsible for most law enforcement and crime reduction in its police area. The territorial police forces of England and Wales are overseen by the Home Office and by a police and crime commissioner or other police authority, although they are operationally independent from government. The other three police forces are the British Transport Police (BTP), and the Civil Nuclear Constabulary (CNC), the Ministry of Defence Police (MDP), which provide specialist policing services. In addition, the National Crime Agency (NCA) is primarily tasked with tackling organised crime and has been compared to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the United States. The British model of policing is based on three interrelated concepts: the Office of Constable, operational independence, and policing by consent. Police constables have certain powers that enable them to execute their duties. Their primary duties are to protect the public by detecting and preventing crime. Police officers exercise their police powers independently of government and with the implicit consent of the public. "Policing by consent" is the phrase used to describe this. It expresses that the legitimacy of policing in the eyes of the public is based upon a general consensus of support that follows from transparency about their powers, their integrity in exercising those powers and their accountability for doing so. Most police constables in England, Scotland and Wales do not carry firearms. As of 2022, there were 142,526 police officers in England and Wales, 6,192 of which were firearms authorised.

Web Search Results

• [PDF] Accountability & Standards - Two-tier policing

  Page 1 Two-tier policing insight report 2024 FINAL1 FOI: For publication D&C Office of the Police & Crime Commissioner Accountability & Standards Two-tier policing An insight report 1. What is ‘two-tier’ policing? There are many definitions describing the concept of ‘two-tier’ policing, but in essence, it is a term used to describe the idea that some groups of people, or some behaviour (for example protests and demonstrations) are dealt with more harshly, more robustly, than others. Recently, the term has been used by people on the far-right wing to argue that ‘right wing’ protests are policed more aggressively, and those offenders punished more severely, than others. 2. Where did the term ‘two-tier’ policing’’ originate? Although the term has had prominent use in recent weeks and months [...] former Home Secretary Suella Braverman and Reform UK leader Nigel Farage, with the latter saying in August this year that the “soft policing of Black Lives Matter protests has led to the impression of two-tier policing” and that "most of us think that ethnic minority groups are policed entirely differently to that of white British people". In November 2023, the then Home Secretary Suella Braverman wrote in the national press that the Metropolitan Police had “double standards” in “largely ignoring the mobs” taking part in pro-Palestinian protests, whilst taking a “stern response” to right-wing protesters. Resultantly, Braverman then commissioned an inspection by His Majesty’s Inspectorate for Constabulary, Fire and Rescue Service (HMICFRS) into ‘activism and impartiality in the police’. [...] of public order policing have highlighted “The British model of policing places a high value on tolerance and winning the consent of the public” and College of Policing APP states: “Commanders need to set the policing style and tone at the start of the operation and be aware of the potential impact on the public”. Page 7 Two-tier policing insight report 2024 FINAL1 FOI: For publication D&C Office of the Police & Crime Commissioner  The formal classification of the disorder by the government as ‘riots’ gave access to compensation claims for any uninsured losses under the Riot Compensation Act 2016. The compensation scheme - claims under which would be administered by the Office of the Police and Crime Commissioner - was open to both personal claimants and businesses, though within Devon

• Two tier policing: myth or fact? - Police Oracle

  The Met’s two-tier ‘soft on the left,’ policing resulted in almost three and a half thousand arrests of Extinction Rebellion activists between April 2019 and September 2022. Since October the 7th around 500 arrests linked to pro-Palestine protests have been made and these won’t include arrests as a result of City police, BTP and MOD police operations. Just Stop Oil arrests between November 1st and the 7th of December last year totalled 650. [...] Equally alleged police inaction can be used to illustrate police ‘wokeness’ or bias. A typical example occurred during the Islamic Eid celebrations on the streets of Southall. Footage appeared across social media of a line of officers backed up against shops, being pelted with missiles. This was interpreted as police being too woke to vigorously respond to the crowd because that crowd were Muslim. This, it was pointed out, was in stark contrast to their ‘brutal treatment’ meted out by police to those celebrating St. George’s Day at a rally in Whitehall. [...] In the middle of this swirl of allegations are the UK police; primarily the Metropolitan police who have had to deal with diversity issues over decades with, until relatively recently, most criticism emanating from the left. However, the majority of criticism is now pouring down from those on the right including former Home Secretary Suella Braverman. Allegations of ‘two tier’ policing have been accentuated by the crisis in the Middle East which followed the dreadful massacre of October the 7th.

• UK riots: What does 'two-tier' policing mean - and does it exist?

  But the concept has been rubbished by senior politicians and police officers. What are the origins of 'two-tier' policing? The term "two-tier policing" has been used to suggest that police have been more heavy handed with people on the right of the political spectrum than the left. Even before the outbreak of the current rioting in the UK, the idea was propagated by the likes of English Defence League founder Tommy Robinson,actor-turned political activist Laurence Fox and former immigration minister Robert Jenrick, in relation to pro-Palestinian protests. More recently, Reform UK leader Nigel Farage summed up the sentiment when he claimed on Monday that "ever since the soft policing of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests, the impression of two-tier policing has become widespread". [...] sky news logo sky news logo # UK riots: What does 'two-tier' policing mean - and does it exist? Elon Musk is among those perpetrating the idea of two-tier policing - but the concept has been rubbished by senior politicians from across the spectrum as well as police chiefs. Political reporter @fayebrownSky Tuesday 6 August 2024 20:08, UK 1:38 Allegations of two-tier policing have gained currency as far-right riots continue to rock towns and cities across the UK. The phrase is used to describe the impression that some protests and demonstrations are dealt with more harshly than others. UK Riots: PM calls emergency COBRA meeting Elon Musk, the world's richest man and the owner of the social media platform X, is among those who have propagated the idea in recent days. [...] He said: "The reality is we serve the law. So if you break the law, it doesn't matter what you look like or what your ideology is, if you commit a terrorist offence, you should be dealt with under the Terrorism Act. If you commit a public order offence, it should be dealt with under the Public Order Act. "If you commit a hate crime, you should be dealt with under that legislation. "I don't think there's anything two tier about it. I think it's about whether you've reached that bar." Police stand guard by counter-protesters amid anti-immigration demonstrations in Bolton. Pic: Reuters What did Elon Musk say? The billionaire owner of X called the prime minister "two-tier Keir" as he criticised his response to the riots.

• The Effectiveness and Implications of Police Reform

  4. Diphoorn, T., Leyh, B. M., & Slooter, L. (2021). Transforming police reform: Global experiences through a multidisciplinary lens. _Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice_, _15_(1), 340-347. 5. Banks, D., Hendrix, J., Hickman, M., & Kyckelhahn, T. (2016). _National sources of law enforcement employment data_. Bureau of Justice Statistics. 6. District of Columbia Police Reform Commission. (2021). _Decentering police to improve public safety: A report of the DC Police Reform Commissio_ n. District of Columbia. 7. Reichert, J., Zivic, A., & Sheley, K. (2021). _The 2021 SAFE-T Act: ICJIA roles and responsibilities_. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. 8. Stephens, D. W. (2011). _Police discipline: A case for a change_. National Institute of Justice. [...] 9. Bottoms, A., & Tankebe, J. (2012). Beyond procedural justice: A dialogic approach to legitimacy in criminal justice. _Northwestern Pritzker School of Law_, _102_(1), 119-170. 10. Bradford, B. (2014). Policing and social identity: Procedural justice, inclusion and cooperation between police and public. _Policing and Society_, _24_(1), 22-43. Mazerolle, L., Bennett, S., Davis, J., Sargeant, E., & Manning, M. (2013). Procedural justice and police legitimacy: A systematic review of the research evidence. _Journal of Experimental Criminology_, _9_(3), 245-274. 11. Community Oriented Policing Services. (2016). _Procedural justice_. National Initiative for Building Community Trust and Justice. [...] be deconstructed, either through defunding or abolishing traditional law enforcement.( U.S. policing is highly decentralized, and enacting uniform reform strategies across nearly 18,000 police departments poses a significant challenge.( Nonetheless, the public continues to demand answers to and accountability for unchecked police behavior.(

• On the decision-making framework for policing - ScienceDirect.com

  ## Keywords Police Policing Decision-making National Decision Model ## Cited by (0) [...] Dr Eric Halford is an Assistant Professor and Associate Researcher in Policing and Security Studies at Rabdan Academy in the United Arab Emirates. Dr Halford was previously a detective chief inspector within the UK Police Service where he served for over 20 years. In his previous roles investigative and police decision making was an essential skill as he served as both a senior police leader, and head of the criminal investigation department within West division, Lancashire, United Kingdom. In addition to his operational roles Dr Halford was also a senior member of the organisation's evidence-based policing board for over 10 years, and chair of the National Crime Agencies online child sexual exploitation and abuse user group. Dr Halfords research publications have a strong focus on [...] This article introduces the Decision-Making Framework for Policing (DMFP), a comprehensive tool designed to enhance the decision-making understanding of police officers. The DMFP considers the principles of heuristic, naturalistic, and rational decision-making along a fluid cognitive continuum to create a framework that addresses the limitations of the existing police National Decision Model (NDM). It achieves this by including 10 proposed typologies of police decision-making including: Routine, Tactical, Operational, Crisis, Investigative, Ethical, Interpersonal, Administrative, Managerial, and Strategic. These are integrated alongside existing and adapted decision-making models which are presented using a mnemonic letter strategy. Although the DMFP is theoretical, and its utility is

• Country

  United Kingdom

• Instance Of

  Q2101619