Monroe Doctrine

Extracted Attributes

• Status

  Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy

• Originator

  James Monroe

• Key Architect

  John Quincy Adams

• Core Principles

  Non-colonization, Non-intervention, Separate spheres of influence

• Region of Focus

  Western Hemisphere (The Americas)

• First Articulated

  1823-12-02

Timeline

• President James Monroe articulates the doctrine in his seventh annual message to Congress. (Source: National Archives)

  1823-12-02

• The policy is officially named the 'Monroe Doctrine'. (Source: Wikipedia)

  1850-01-01

• The U.S. invokes the doctrine to support Benito Juárez in Mexico against French-backed Emperor Maximilian. (Source: National Archives)

  1865-01-01

• Theodore Roosevelt adds the Roosevelt Corollary, justifying unilateral U.S. intervention in Latin America. (Source: History State Gov)

  1904-12-06

• The U.S. reaffirms a multilateral interpretation of the doctrine under Franklin D. Roosevelt. (Source: Wikipedia)

  1933-01-01

• President Donald Trump reasserts the doctrine with a focus on maritime dominance and supply chain security. (Source: Whitehouse.gov)

  2025-01-01

• Predicted replacement of the Monroe Doctrine by a new Trump doctrine rejecting neocon regime change. (Source: Document 5bce0809-68e1-42ae-bd57-caef72a9db47)

  2026-01-01

Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine is a United States foreign policy position that opposes any foreign interference in the Western Hemisphere. Originally concerning European colonialism, it holds that any intervention in the political affairs of the Americas by foreign powers is a potentially hostile act against the United States. The doctrine was central to American grand strategy in the 20th century. President James Monroe first articulated the doctrine on December 2, 1823, during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress (though it was not named after him until 1850). At the time, nearly all Spanish colonies in the Americas had either achieved or were close to independence. Monroe asserted that the New World and the Old World were to remain distinctly separate spheres of influence, and thus further efforts by European powers to control or influence sovereign states in the region would be viewed as a threat to U.S. security. In turn, the United States would recognize and not interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal affairs of European countries. Because the U.S. lacked both a credible navy and army at the time of the doctrine's proclamation, it was largely disregarded by the colonial powers. While it was successfully enforced in part by the United Kingdom, who used it as an opportunity to enforce its own Pax Britannica policy, the doctrine was ignored several times over the course of the 19th century, notably with the second French intervention in Mexico. By the beginning of the 20th century, the United States itself was able to successfully enforce the doctrine, and it became seen as a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets. It has been invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and is being substantively reinterpreted in the 2020s by Donald Trump. After 1898, the Monroe Doctrine was reinterpreted by lawyers and intellectuals as promoting multilateralism and non-intervention. In 1933, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the United States re-affirmed this new interpretation, through co-founding the Organization of American States. Into the 21st century, the doctrine continues to be variably denounced, reinstated, or reinterpreted.

Web Search Results

• Monroe Doctrine (1823) | National Archives

  The Monroe Doctrine is the best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs. The doctrine was conceived to meet major concerns of the moment, but it soon became a watchword of U.S. policy in the Western Hemisphere. The Monroe Doctrine was invoked in 1865 when the U.S. government exerted diplomatic and military pressure in support of the Mexican President Benito Juárez. This support enabled Juárez to lead a successful revolt against the Emperor Maximilian, who had been placed on the throne by the French government. [...] View Transcript The Monroe Doctrine was articulated in President James Monroe's seventh annual message to Congress on December 2, 1823. The European powers, according to Monroe, were obligated to respect the Western Hemisphere as the United States' sphere of interest. President James Monroe’s 1823 annual message to Congress contained the Monroe Doctrine, which warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. Understandably, the United States has always taken a particular interest in its closest neighbors – the nations of the Western Hemisphere. Equally understandably, expressions of this concern have not always been favorably regarded by other American nations. [...] Previous DocumentNext Document ## Transcript Note: The Monroe Doctrine was expressed during President Monroe's seventh annual message to Congress, December 2, 1823:

• Milestones: The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 - History State Gov

  The statement, known as the Monroe Doctrine, was little noted by the Great Powers of Europe, but eventually became a longstanding tenet of U.S. foreign policy. Monroe and his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams drew upon a foundation of American diplomatic ideals such as disentanglement from European affairs and defense of neutral rights as expressed in Washington’s Farewell Address and Madison’s stated rationale for waging the War of 1812. The three main concepts of the doctrine—separate spheres of influence for the Americas and Europe, non-colonization, and non-intervention—were designed to signify a clear break between the New World and the autocratic realm of Europe. Monroe’s administration forewarned the imperial European powers against interfering in the affairs of the newly [...] By the mid-1800s, Monroe’s declaration, combined with ideas of Manifest Destiny, provided precedent and support for U.S. expansion on the American continent. In the late 1800s, U.S. economic and military power enabled it to enforce the Monroe Doctrine. The doctrine’s greatest extension came with Theodore Roosevelt’s Corollary, which inverted the original meaning of the doctrine and came to justify unilateral U.S. intervention in Latin America.

• Presidential Message on the Anniversary of the Monroe Doctrine

  More than 2 centuries ago, President Monroe proclaimed before the United States Congress what is today known as the legendary “Monroe Doctrine”—a bold policy that rejects foreign interference of faraway nations and confidently asserts United States leadership in the Western Hemisphere. “The American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers,” President Monroe professed. With those mighty words, every nation knew that the United States of America was emerging as a superpower unlike anything the world had ever known—and that nothing could ever rival the strength, unity, and resolve of a freedom-loving people. [...] In the centuries since, President Monroe’s doctrine of sovereignty has guarded the American continents against communism, fascism, and foreign infringement, and as the 47th President of the United States, I am proudly reasserting this time-honored policy. Since I took office, I have aggressively pursued an America first policy of peace through strength. We restored U.S. privileged access through the Panama Canal. We are reestablishing American maritime dominance. We are disrupting non-market practices in the international supply chain and logistics sectors.

• What is the Monroe Doctrine? - YouTube

  # Monroe Doctrine 101 | What is the Monroe Doctrine? ## National Museum of American Diplomacy 8010 subscribers 3107 likes ### Description 168991 views Posted: 10 Jan 2024 The Monroe Doctrine is an important part of early U.S. foreign policy that aimed to keep Europeans out of the Western Hemisphere. U.S. President James Monroe described the idea in 1823 and its creation came at a time of shifting global power dynamics. Learn what a doctrine is and how the Monroe Doctrine became a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy. [...] ### Transcript: The Monroe Doctrine is an early cornerstone of US foreign policy. It is steeped in ideas of dismantling colonialism and shifting global power dynamics in the 19th century. Its origins are simultaneously simple and complex! Let's start by meeting James Monroe. Before he became the fifth president of the United States, he fought and was wounded in the American Revolution, served in state and federal government and held several diplomatic posts. Through it all, he believed firmly in the American experiment. A doctrine is a principle or idea that influences the government's actions. Doctrines can become part of a country's foreign policy. The Monroe Doctrine began as part of

• Monroe Doctrine | History, Summary, & Significance | Britannica

  Monroe Doctrine, (December 2, 1823), cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy enunciated by Pres. James Monroe in his annual message to Congress. Declaring that the Old World and New World had different systems and must remain distinct spheres, Monroe made four basic points: (1) the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of or the wars between European powers; (2) the United States recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere; (3) the Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization; and (4) any attempt by a European power to oppress or control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the United States: [...] The doctrine was an outgrowth of concern in both Britain and the United States that the Continental powers would attempt to restore Spain’s former colonies, in Latin America, many of which had become newly independent nations. The United States was also concerned about Russia’s territorial ambitions in the northwest coast of North America. As a consequence, George Canning, the British foreign minister, suggested a joint U.S.-British declaration forbidding future colonization in Latin America. Monroe was initially favourable to the idea, and former presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison concurred. But Secretary of State John Quincy Adams argued that the United States should issue a statement of American policy exclusively, and his view ultimately prevailed. [...] ### What motives were behind the Monroe Doctrine? The Monroe Doctrine was drafted because the U.S. government was worried that European powers would encroach on the U.S. sphere of influence by carving out colonial territories in the Americas. The U.S. government was particularly wary of Russia, because of its aims to extend its influence into the Oregon Territory, and of Spain and France, because of their potential designs to recolonize the Latin American territories that had recently gained independence. Although the British urged the U.S. to make a joint declaration with them, the U.S. ultimately opted for a unilateral one to avoid any hindrance to its own expansionist designs. ### Who worked on the Monroe Doctrine?

• Instance Of

  Q4167410